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USA Radioactive Iodine 131, 129 Found In 13 Cities - Up To 80 Times Allowed Levels - US Milk Is Radiation Contaminated - FAQ's, Facts, Potassium Iodide KI Tablets Information, Medical Use - Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Released Huge Amounts Of Iodine-129, Remains In Environment For Millions/Years

USA Radioactive Iodine 131, 129 Found In 13 Cities - Up To 80 Times Allowed Levels - US Milk Is Radiation Contaminated - FAQ's, Facts, Potassium Iodide KI Tablets Information, Medical Use - Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Released Huge Amounts Of Iodine-129, Remains In Environment For Millions/Years

This article explores iodine facts, as well radioactive Iodine 129 and 131 dangers and effects. Remember that these two invisible heavy metal radioactive poisons are only TWO of the approximately 1,000 to 3,000 heavy metal radioactive poisons and toxic radioactive gases coming out of any nuclear accident or mega disaster such as Fukushima.

Of course, you will have to explore why the mass media does not tell you or your family this FACT, and why they consistently downplay, minimize or cover up plus deny any negative impacts from any nuclear accident, if they will even talk about it at all.

SCIENTIFIC STUDY CONFIRMS THAT FUKUSHIMA RELEASED LARGE AMOUNTS OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE 131 and IODINE 129


Via Mad_Scientists April 15, 2014 "The Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011 released a large amount of radioactive pollutants to the environment. Of the pollutants, iodine-129 is a long-lived radionuclide and will remain in the environment for millions of years."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461388


Experts: US hit with sudden spikes of rare radioactive material from Fukushima — Has 15.7 Million year half life — “Orders of magnitude” rise in levels on West Coast — Much higher amounts than were detected near Fukushima plant just after 3/11
Our results… measured offshore of Cove La Jolla, San Diego, USA, during the spring of 2013, are presented in Fig. 5. Two high and distinct spike maxima are visible. They reveal the maximum concentration values of [1.2 billion] atoms per L measured on May 24, 2013 and [1.7 billion] atoms per L measured on June 18, 2013, with 24 days in between. Both peaks occurred in the measurement spectrum after a slow increase in concentration that started about 15-20 days before the main increase…
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant… released an enormous amount of liquid waste of 129I and other fission isotopes directly into the Pacific Ocean that were subsequently dispersed eastwards. This paper reports on the determination of the nuclear plume impact on the West Coast of the USA that happened during April–July 2013… The determined maximum 129I concentration increase was in an amount of more than 2 times greater than the concentration of the isotope measured offshore of Fukushima at a 40 km distance immediately after the accide


Royal Society of Chemistry, National Institute for Physics & Nuclear Engineering, Romania, 2015 (emphasis added): AMS analyses of I-129 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in the Pacific Ocean waters of the Coast La Jolla, San Diego, USA — This paper presents the results of an experimental study we performed by using the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) method with iodine 129 (Halflife = 15.7 Million years], to determine the increase of the radionuclide content in the USA West Pacific Coast waters, two years after the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident… The results of the experiments showed a significant increase of the radionuclide concentration during the late spring of 2013. Compared to the isotopic ratio 129I/127I, measured at a 40 km distance, offshore of Fukushima and immediately after the accident, our results show an increase on the USA West Coast that was more than a 2.5 factor higher. Also, compared with the pre-Fukushima background values [in San Diego], our results show an isotopic ratio of about two orders of magnitude higher…

129I concentrations were measured… from the ocean water of the West Coast of the USA [at] La Jolla, San Diego… This work reports two sudden increases of the 129I/127I isotopic concentration in the ocean water, which were observed at the end of spring 2013…

Our exploratory measurements on the USA West Coast started on samples collected at the beginning of 2013. The lowest 129I concentrations that we measured had values between [6-20 million] atoms per L. Such values correspond to the equilibrium concentration of iodine… offshore of La Jolla, San Diego…
http://enenews.com/experts-us-hit-with-sudden-spikes-of-rare-radioactive-material-from-fukushima-has-15-7-million-year-half-life-orders-of-magnitude-rise-in-levels-on-west-coast-much-higher-amounts-than-de


MOST REPORTS ONLY TALK ABOUT IODINE 131, IGNORE IODINE 129, WHICH LASTS MILLIONS OF YEARS AND ACTUALLY COMES OUT IN AMOUNTS 31 TIMES GREATER THAN IODINE 131


31 times as much Iodine-129 than I-131 from Fukushima.
A recent article published in the Geochemical Journal (available here) by Miyake et al. has found that there was 31.6 times as much iodine-129 than iodine-131 released in the early days of the Fukushima catastrophe. Iodine-129 is a long-lived radionuclide with a half-life of 15.7 million years. So it doesn’t go away.

The EPA document “Health Risks from Low-Level Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides” (available here) indicates the mortality risk for I-129 is about 3 times that of I-131. This is mainly from thyroid cancer. European nuclear reprocessing plants (mainly La Hague) release a huge amount of I-129 – they released around 1,800 times as much of it as Chernobyl did (up to the year 2000). Gee, I wonder why there is a worldwide epidemic of thyroid cancer.
http://optimalprediction.com/wp/31-times-as-much-iodine-129-than-i-131-from-fukushima/

Geochemical Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 327 to 333, 2012 *Corresponding author (e-mail: taizanhokuto62@gmail.com) Copyright © 2012 by The Geochemical Society of Japan.
It is important to note that 129I was already present before the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident owing to atmospheric nuclear testing held in the 1950s and 1960s, and later, discharge from spent-nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants.

The 129I concentration was measured for selective surface soil samples collected around the Fukushima Daiichi NPP for which the 131I level had already been determined. The surface deposition amount of 129I was between 15.6 and 6.06 × 103 mBq/m2 in the region 3.6 to 59.0 km distant from the NPP. 129I and 131I data had good linear correlation. The mean isotopic ratio of 12∫ I/131I was 31.6 ± 8.9 as of March 15, 2011.
http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/GJ/pdf/4604/46040327.pdf

WHAT ABOUT ALL OF THE OTHER FORMS OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE? WHY ARE THEY BEING IGNORED AND NOT BEING MEASURED? 



Source/credit http://www.yokwe.net/ydownloads/RadiationEffectsintheMarshallIslands.pdf

Mass media and nuclear experts often talk about Iodine 131, but what about all of the other forms of radioactive Iodine, as shown above, plus Iodine 129, which is not even mentioned in the chart above?

AMERICAN THYROID ASSOCIATION RECOMMENDS USE OF KI DURING NUCLEAR EMERGENCY

The American Thyroid Association (ATA) endorses the use of potassium iodide (KI) to protect people from absorbing radioactive iodine released during a nuclear emergency. High levels of radioactive iodine exposure can cause thyroid cancer, especially in babies and children up to 18 years of age. KI reduces the risk of thyroid cancer in exposed populations. ATA advocates KI as an essential adjunct to evacuation, sheltering, and avoiding contaminated food, milk, and water. ATA recommends a 200-mile radius of KI distribution, and therefore favors legislation that further broadens stockpiling. This statement is supported by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the Thyroid Foundation of America. 

NO ONE IN USA WAS TOLD TO TAKE KI TABLETS, DESPITE RADIOACTIVE IODINE LEVELS EXCEEDING ALLOWABLE LEGAL LEVELS IN DRINKING WATER


The only problem is that no one in the United States OR Canada was told to take KI tablets, nor was anyone warned about the radioactive iodine plume coming over the entire US after the 3/11 nuclear mega disaster. Citizens in Japan were also not warned about this, and they were also not told to take KI tablets. Why not?

Canadian Official: Iodine-131 in rainwater was above recommended level for drinking water during March — “It should not exceed the guideline” — Gov’t failed to disclose findings January 14, 2012

EPA: Boise rainwater has highest levels of radioactive material in US… 80 times amount of I-131 allowed in drinking water — “Officials had no explanation” April 3, 2011

Canadian scientists detect “significant” concentrations of radioactive material off West Coast, levels double in months since last test — Marine Chemist: “Much greater concern” over Fukushima releases that will be hitting shores of US & Canada; Lack of data “really disturbing” (AUDIO) November 10, 2014

THYROID ABSORBS MAN MADE ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVE POISON IODINE 129 AND 131, BECAUSE IT MIMICS NATURE MADE HEALTH SUPPORTING MINERAL IN FOOD 


"Because the thyroid can’t distinguish between radioactive and stable iodine, in the presence of high levels of radioactive iodine (I-129 or I-131), the thyroid will take up the radioactive forms (isotopes) of iodine, store them in tissues, and use them to build thyroid hormones. Where the concentration is highest, the decaying radioactive iodine will release enough radioactive material to damage the surrounding tissue directly, leading to mutation and eventually cancer."
http://www.hawaiihealthguide.com/healthtalk/display.htm?id=910

TOP PHYSICIST SAYS IODINE 131 WILL BE LETHAL AFTER INGESTION (OR INHALATION) OF 30 BILLIONTHS OF A GRAM


PraisingTruth April 22, 2015 Top US Nuclear Physicist: “Iodine-131 will be lethal after ingestion of 30 billionths of a gram” — Main worry is not a Chernobyl-type accident, rather it’s a melt-through of containment vessel — “Not possible to disprove China Syndrome”
Published: April 13th, 2015
http://enenews.com/top-nuclear-physicist-iodine-131-will-be-lethal-after-ingestion-30-billionths-gram-main-worry-chernobyl-type-accident-melt-containment-vessel-possible-disprove-china-syndrome

NBC NIGHTLY NEWS;  RADIOACTIVE IODINE FOUND IN US MILK IN MARCH 2011

Radioactive iodine from Fukushima has been found in US milk as early as March 2011. Since 3/11, the amount of iodine in milk and drinking water increased for a time, before decreasing again.  

Radioactive Iodine 131 is just ONE short lived cousin that decays away in 90 days, and there is another much longer lived cousin called Iodine 129, that has a half life of 13 million years. And of course, there are hundreds of OTHER long lived heavy metal radioactive poisons that go along with these two, that are most often never even mentioned or addressed. 

Radiation Found in America's Milk Supply - EPA
Of course, the mass media makes sure to get the 'officials' to minimize, deny or whitewash the whole thing, so it sounds like a non event, and that it will never harm or kill anyone. This same thing is done after every nuclear accident. To learn the truth, one has to look deeper, much deeper. Most people don't care, don't want to know, or cannot handle the truth, so the 1 percent get away with their dark deeds. 

HAWAII AND ARIZONA DAIRY MILK TEST UP TO 800% HIGHER THAN MAXIMUM LIMITS RIGHT AFTER FUKUSHIMA MEGA NUCLEAR DISASTER


 Nuclear Radiation in drinking water in 13 US Cities - also found in milk above EPA Max Levels

The EPA has finally released some of the radiation data it has been collecting: * Los Angeles milk radiation was above federal drinking water standards. * 

Radiation found in Phoenix milk was almost at the federal drinking water standard. * 

Radioactive Iodine in Boise Idaho rainwater was 130 times above Federal Drinking Water standards. o Radioactive Caesium was 13.66 times above federal limit for Caesium-134, 2 year half-life. o Radioactive Caesium was 12 times federal limit for Caesium-137, 30 year half-life. * 

Tennessee drinking water was detected with radiation slightly above 1/2 the federal maximum. * 

Radioactive Iodine has been detected in the drinking water across the entire US in the following states: California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Tennessee, Montana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, and Alabama, as well as in Canada. * 

Cesium and Tellurium were found in Boise, Las Vegas, Nome and Dutch Harbor, Honolulu, Kauai and Oahu, Anaheim, Riverside, San Francisco, and San Bernardino, Jacksonville and Orlando, Salt Lake City, Guam, and Saipan. * 

Uranium-234, with a half-life of 245,500 years has been found in Hawaii, California, and Washington.


RADIOACTIVE IODINE DETECT IN 13 US CITIES, BUT NO ONE WARNED OR TOLD TO TAKE KI TABLETS, DESPITE 650 MILLION BQ PER CU. METER FOUND

Jebus April 26, 2015 AMS analyses of I-129 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in the Pacific Ocean waters of the Coast La Jolla – San Diego, USA.

Abstract

This paper presents the results of an experimental study we performed by using the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) method with iodine 129 (T1/2 = 15.7 My), to determine the increase of the radionuclide content in the USA West Pacific Coast waters, two years after the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. The collection of the water samples took place between April and July 2013 at regular intervals of time, from the Pacific Ocean, at the cove of La Jolla, San Diego, USA. The results of the experiments showed a significant increase of the radionuclide concentration during the late spring of 2013. Compared to the isotopic ratio 129I/127I, measured at a 40 km distance, offshore of Fukushima and immediately after the accident, our results show an increase on the USA West Coast that was more than a 2.5 factor higher. Also, compared with the pre-Fukushima background values, our results show an isotopic ratio of about two orders of magnitude higher…

Alexander Higgins reports on radioactive Iodine as it was being detected in 13 US cities in the drinking water, and milk, soon after the Fukushima mega nuclear disaster. Radioactive Iodine is the main reason and cause for the higher number of infant deaths that have been reported since this radioactive plume came over the entire United States in 2011. No one was warned. No one was given KI tablets to prevent radioactive Iodine uptake. What is the emergency broadcasting service for if no one is going to be warned when they really need to be?

CodeShutdown January 11, 2015  fallout on U.S. up to 5000 Bq/m in first weeks. Someone could extrapolate how many becquerels total fell in the first month alone over the U.S. and ocean…a ballpark figure USGS radionuclide deposition fluxes at 35 sites from Alaska to Vermont ranged from 0.47 to 5,100 Becquerels per square meter during the sampling period of March 15–April 5, 2011.

Sickputer January 11, 2015  They lied CS… The 5100 bq reading was tested after 145 days… And that was 18 half-lives of I-131:

"Samples were analyzed by USGS at the National Reactor Facility at the Denver Federal Center…Because there were only two detectors available, analysis by gamma spectrometry occurred from about 3 to 21 weeks after the samples were collected from the NADP… The delay between collection and analysis for the last sample analyzed was 145 days, completed on August 7, 2011 for site WA98… (Pg 19)"

SP: The 145 day old Washington state sample (WA98) was the most radioactive of the 400-plus tested samples nationwide and it was radioactive Iodine-131 at 5100 bq per cubic meter and one of the last to be tested.

At 18 half-lives of I-131 in that 145 day delay, it means the original reading was around 650 million bq per cubic meter. Hot stuff.

(quite a lackluster nationwide sampling by 5 young technicians in Denver at the small reactor facility).

The USGS in Denver had TWO testing devices for the entire sampling of the 20% of the United States radiation monitors functional in 2011.

Another document about this USGS federal testing and it has a few differences from the previous link…funny stuff:
You can see the five budding Oppenheimers and Goddards on page 46-47.

Those young folks were the only scientists employed by Big Brother to actually look at a few hundred air and water samples. Nothing at all tested from Texas. My Texas nose ran bloody 5 days after Unit 3 blew up. Radioactive iodine has a unique ability to burst and destroy tiny capillaries in nasal membranes. Maybe I should have sent them a blood sample."

RADIOACTIVE MAN MADE ELEMENTS BIO ACCUMULATE AND BIO CONCENTRATE UP FOOD CHAIN, IT CAN TAKE 30 YEARS LATENCY PERIOD FOR THYROID CANCER TO SHOW UP, PER MARSHALL ISLAND STUDY


Since thyroid cancer takes  2 - 4 years to START appearing after a radioactive Iodine plume comes over, the US can expect to see a rise in thyroid cancers among the children sometime after the year 2015. Other cancers will appear after that, including leukemia, other diseases and solid cancers too, as the incubation periods of those cancers runs out, and as low level radiation is potentially absorbed and passed up the food chain, to concentrate in higher and higher amounts, in the most vulnerable, our children.


http://www.yokwe.net/ydownloads/RadiationEffectsintheMarshallIslands.pdf

As can be seen from the chart above, it can easily take 30 years for a latency period to run out and a thyroid cancer to show up. Most children and many adults ended up with thyroid cancer on the Marshall Islands, and this is a very distinct potential for those exposed in Japan, all the way down to Tokyo, as well.

Radiation Effects In The Marshall Islands
During the second and third decades after the accident, most of the Rongelap children and many adults developed thyroid nodules, some of which proved to be malignant. In addition, thyroid atrophy accounted for severe growth retardation in 2 boys. The Utirik people (167 exposed) did not show early radiation effects, but thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer began to appear late in the second decade after exposure. 
http://www.yokwe.net/ydownloads/RadiationEffectsintheMarshallIslands.pdf

It does not take a lot of radiation to cause harm or death in children. Despite the maximum levels of radiation allowed of cesium in foods being 1,000 Bq/kg, as little as 30 Bq/kg will cause health problems, so these standards are obviously put in place by the nuclear industry, to avoid a panic. 

IS RADIOACTIVE IODINE NATURAL? 


"…In 1960 physicist John H. Reynolds discovered that certain meteorites contained an isotopic anomaly in the form of an overabundance of 129Xe. He inferred that this must be a decay product of long-decayed radioactive iodine-129. This isotope is produced in quantity in nature only in supernova explosions…"

Radioactive Iodine was not found on Earth until the nuclear scientists released it from nuclear reactors and nuclear bombs. Now it can be found globally, even in the Artic and Antarctic poles. 

If radioactive Iodine keeps coming out of a reactor such as Fukushima for example, then the long lived cousin keeps building up, despite the short lived cousin breaking down and disappearing fairly rapidly. Also, when radioactive Iodine breaks down, it transmutes into radioactive Xenon gas, which then transmutes into radioactive Cesium, which also affects health in a negative way, and so on, all the way down the decay chain until it turns into lead, which is also a heavy metal poison.  

via EPA: The Basics

Who discovered iodine and radioactive iodine?


In 1811, Bernard Courtois discovered natural iodine in water that was used to dissolve certain parts of seaweed ash for use. Radioactive iodine-131 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 1930's.

Where do radioactive iodine-129 and iodine-131 come from?


Both iodine-129 and iodine-131 are produced by the man made fission of uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium (or uranium) in the detonation of nuclear weapons.

What are the properties of iodine-129 and iodine-131?


Radioactive iodines have the same physical properties as stable iodine. However, radioactive iodines decay with time.

Iodine is a nonmetallic, purplish-black crystalline solid. It has the unusual property of ‘sublimation,' which means that it can go directly from a solid to a gas, without first becoming liquid. It sublimes to a deep violet vapor at room temperature. This vapor is irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. Iodine dissolves in alcohol and in water. It melts at 236 °F.

Iodine reacts easily with other chemicals, and isotopes of iodine are found as compounds rather than as a pure elemental nuclide. Thus, iodine-129 and -131 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas.

Iodine-129 has a half-life of 15.7 million years; iodine-131 has a half-life of about 8 days. Both emit beta particles upon radioactive decay. Both cause thyroid cancer. There are many other long life radioactive substances;

Exposure to Iodine-129 and Iodine-131

How do iodine-129 and iodine-131 get into the environment?


Iodine-129 and iodine-131 are gaseous fission products that form within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or holes may breach the rods.

Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor.

Reactor systems release gases, including radioactive iodine, to the environment on a regular basis, even during normal nuclear reactor operations.

ALL NUCLEAR FACILITIES RELEASE RADIOACTIVE IODINE INTO ENVIRONMENT AS PART OF NORMAL OPERATIONS, HUGE SPIKES DURING REFUELING, RECYCLING


Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, iodine-129 and iodine-131 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-129 and -131 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. In the U.S., spent nuclear fuel is no longer reprocessed, because of concerns about nuclear weapons proliferation.

Currently, spent nuclear fuel remains in temporary storage at nuclear power plants around the country. Wherever spent nuclear fuel is stored, the short-lived iodine-131 it contains will decay away quickly and completely.  However, the long-lived iodine-129 will remain for at least 113 million years before it decays away completely. Keeping it from leaking into the environment, requires carefully designed, long-term safeguards.

Nuclear Weapons Testing And Iodine 129 Releases


The detonation of nuclear weapons also released iodine-129 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 1950's and 60's released massive amounts of radioactive iodine to the atmosphere which has spread around the world, and can still now be found and measured in the environment.

Most I-129 in the environment came from weapons testing, and as we already know, will take 113 million years to decay completely. In tests around Fukushima, some I -129 was found from nuclear bomb testing, but additional amounts were found as a result of the Fukushima accident. 

How do iodine-129 and iodine-131 change in the environment?


Radioactive iodine can disperse rapidly in air and water, under the right conditions. However, it combines easily with organic materials in soil. This is known as ‘organic fixation' and slows iodine's movement in the environment. Some soil minerals also attach to, or adsorb, iodine, which also slows its movement.

The long half-life of iodine-129, 15.7 million years, and complete decay in 150 million years, means that it remains in the environment FOREVER.

Iodine-131's short half-life of 8 days means that it will decay away completely in the environment in a matter of months. Both decay with the emission of a beta particle, accompanied by weak gamma radiation.

How do people come in contact with iodine-129 and iodine-131?

Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. 

People are exposed to I-129 from the past testing of nuclear weapons, and I-131 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. 

Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-131, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids.


How do iodine-129 and iodine-131 get into the body?

Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. For example, I-129 and -131 can settle on grass where cows can eat it and pass it to humans through their milk. It may settle on leafy vegetables and be ingested by humans. Iodine isotopes also concentrate in marine and freshwater fish, which people may then eat.

Also, doctors may give thyroid patients radioactive iodine, usually iodine-131, to treat or help diagnose certain thyroid problems. The tendency of iodine to collect in the thyroid makes it very useful for highlighting parts of its structure in diagnostic images.
Exposure from Iodine 131 (Centers for Disease Control)

What do iodine-129 and iodine-131 do once they get into the body?

When I-129 or I-131 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine.

Airborne I-129 and I-131 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream, and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.

In the body, iodine has a biological half-life of about 100 days for the body as a whole. It has different biological half-lives for various organs: thyroid - 100 days, bone - 14 days, and kidney, spleen, and reproductive organs - 7 days.

Health Effects of Iodine-129 and Iodine-131

How can iodine-129 and iodine-131 affect people's health?"

Dr Helen Caldicott - Fukushima Nuclear Disaster - You won't hear this on the Main Stream News.
Dr. Helen Caldicott MD talks about the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disasters and provides a little information about the dangers of radiation poisoning. She is well worth listening to...

EPA WEIGHS IN ON RADIOACTIVE IODINE


EPA: "Radioactive iodine can cause thyroid problems, and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Long-term (chronic) exposure to radioactive iodine can cause nodules, or cancer of the thyroid. However, once thyroid cancer occurs, treatment with high doses of I-131 may be used to treat it. Doctors also use lower doses of I-131 to treat overactive thyroids.

Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions.

Is there a medical test to determine exposure to iodine-129 and iodine-131?

Since iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland, a radioassay of the thyroid can determine the level of exposure to many of its isotopes. However, I-129 has very low activity and emits extremely low energy beta particles, making a radioassay much more difficult. Tests for I-131 in the body should be available through most major medical centers.

Protecting People from Iodine-129

How do I know if I'm near radioactive iodine?

Living near a nuclear power plant may increase your annual exposure to I-131 (and I-129). (Children are more at risk than adults) Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body.

What can I do to protect myself and my family from iodine-129 and iodine-131?


The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment.

If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine:

Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. (Note: Large doses of stable iodine can be a health hazard and should not be taken except in an emergency. However iodized table salt is an important means of acquiring essential non-radioactive iodine to maintain health.

What is EPA doing about iodine-129 and iodine-131?


EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-129 and I-131, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems.

EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.

Iodine-129 is one of the more important radionuclides of concern in the large inventory of spent reactor fuel and defense high-level waste. This standard limits the radiation exposure of individuals, and radionuclide concentrations in ground water from the release of I-129 and other radionuclides in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain.

This site provides information about radionuclides in drinking water and guidance to help states and water systems comply with the standard.

This site provides information about radioactive contaminants in the air."

Source; http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/iodine.html

IODINE DEFICIENCY IS COMMONPLACE GLOBALLY 

Iodine Deficiency is commonplace around the world. According to Merck; iodine deficiency "can decrease fertility and increase risk of stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and prenatal and infant mortality. Severe maternal iodine deficiency retards fetal growth and brain development, sometimes resulting in birth defects, and, in infants, causes cretinism, which may include intellectual disability, deaf-mutism, difficulty walking, short stature, and sometimes hypothyroidism.

What happens when a person's thyroid gland is deficient in iodine? If the thyroid gland is exposed to a radioactive iodine plume, it absorbs radioactive iodine even more, because it sees radioactive iodine as the answer for what it is looking for, which is the natural earth mineral iodine. 

Radioactive iodine is seen by the body as the same thing as normal non radioactive iodine; and it does not know the difference if it is deficient. The only way to keep the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine is to take KI tablets before exposure to radioactive iodine, and load up the thyroid gland with regular iodine, before the radioactive iodine plume arrives.


GENETIC FINGERPRINT OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE


Scientists may now able to find out the source of a particular cancer and whether it was caused by a nuclear accident or by 'nature', including thyroid cancer, caused by a nuclear accident. In Japan, the law states that a nuclear plant operator is responsible for accidents and health effects. This means that anyone getting cancer from Fukushima may now be able to trace that cancer back to Fukushima radiation releases and sue for damages. 

"This breakthrough is the first time since the reactor accident in 1986 that scientists have been able to discriminate between the cancers caused by the radioactive contamination and those that arise naturally."…

Link to the article about the study:

Abstract on the PNAS website:

Correspondence should be addressed. 
E-mail: unger@helmholtz-muenchen.de

WHAT IS RADIOACTIVE IODINE 131? 


According to Wikipedia; "Iodine-131 (131I), also called radioiodine (though many other radioactive isotopes of this element are known), is an important radioisotope of iodine. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days. 

It is associated with nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas production. Iodine also plays a major role as a radioactive isotope present in nuclear fission products, and was a significant contributor to the health hazards from open-air atomic bomb testing in the 1950s, and from the Chernobyl disaster, as well as being a large fraction of the contamination hazard in the first weeks in the Japanese nuclear crisis. 

This is because I-131 is a major uranium, plutonium fission product, comprising nearly 3% of the total products of fission (by weight). See fission product yield for a comparison with other radioactive fission products. I-131 is also a major fission product of uranium-233, produced from thorium.

Due to its mode of beta decay, iodine-131 is notable for causing mutation and death in cells that it penetrates, and other cells up to several millimeters away. 

Much smaller incidental doses of iodine-131 than those used in medical therapeutic procedures, are thought to be the major cause of increased thyroid cancers after accidental nuclear contamination.[3] These cancers happen from residual tissue radiation damage caused by the I-131, and usually appear years after exposure, long after the I-131 has decayed.

Production

Most I-131 production is from nuclear reactor neutron-irradiation of a natural tellurium target. Irradiation of natural tellurium produces almost entirely I-131 as the only radionuclide with a half-life longer than hours, since most lighter isotopes of tellurium become heavier stable isotopes, or else stable iodine or xenon. However, the heaviest naturally-occurring tellurium nuclide, Te-130 (34% of natural Te) absorbs a neutron to become tellurium-131, which beta-decays with a half-life of 25 minutes, to I-131.

A tellurium compound can be irradiated while bound as an oxide to an ion exchange column, and evolved I-131 then eluted into an alkaline solution.[4] More commonly, powdered elemental tellurium is irradiated and then I-131 separated from it by dry distillation of the iodine, which has a far higher vapor pressure. The element is then dissolved in a mildly alkaline solution in the standard manner, to produce I-131 as iodide and hypoiodate (which is soon reduced to iodide).[5]

Iodine-131 decay scheme (simplified)


Radioactive decay




131I decays with a half-life of 8.02 days with beta and gamma emissions. This nuclide of iodine atom has 78 neutrons in nucleus, the stable nuclide 127I has 74 neutrons. On decaying, 131I most often (89% of the time) expends its 971 keV of decay energy by transforming into the stable 131Xe(Xenon gas) in two steps, with gamma decay following rapidly after beta decay:

+ 606 keV

+ 364 keV

The primary emissions of 131I decay are thus beta particles with a maximal energy of 606 keV (89% abundance, others 248 – 807 keV) and 364 keV gamma rays (81% abundance, others 723 keV).[6] Beta decay, as always in this process, also produces an antineutrino, which carries off variable amounts of the beta decay energy.

The beta particles, due to their high mean energy (190 keV, with typical beta-decay spectra present) have a tissue penetration of 0.6 to 2 mm.[7]

131I is a fission product with a yield of 2.878% from uranium-235,[8] and can be released in nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents. However, the short half-life means it is not present in significant quantities in cooled spent nuclear fuel, unlike iodine-129 whose half-life is nearly a billion times that of I-131.

Negative Health Effects From Open Air Atomic Bomb Testing



Per Capita Iodine 131 Exposure

Per capita thyroid doses in the continental United States resulting from all exposure routes from all atmospheric nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site from 1951-1962.

Iodine in food is absorbed by the body and preferentially concentrated in the thyroid where it is needed for the functioning of that gland. When radioactive (Iodine) 131I is present in high levels in the environment from radioactive fallout, it can be absorbed through contaminated food, and will also accumulate in the thyroid. As it decays, it may cause damage to the thyroid. The primary risk from exposure to high levels of 131I is the chance occurrence of radiogenic thyroid cancer in later life. Other risks include the possibility of non-cancerous growths and thyroiditis.[1]

REDUCE RISK BY TAKING IODINE SUPPLEMENTS


The risk of thyroid cancer in later life appears to diminish with increasing age at time of exposure. Most risk estimates are based on studies in which radiation exposures occurred in children or teenagers. The risk can be mitigated by taking iodine supplements, raising the total amount of iodine in the body and, therefore, reducing uptake and retention in the face and chest and lowering the relative proportion of radioactive iodine. However, such supplements were not distributed to the population living nearest to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant after the disaster,[9] though they were widely distributed to children in Poland.

Within the USA, the highest 131I fallout doses occurred during the 1950s and early 1960s to children having consumed sources of milk contaminated as the result of above-ground testing of nuclear weapons.[10]

The National Cancer Institute provides additional information on the health effects from exposure to 131I in fallout,[11] as well as individualized estimates, for those born before 1971, for each of the 3070 counties in the USA. The calculations are taken from data collected regarding fallout from the nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site.[12]

On 27 March 2011, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health reported that 131I was detected in very low concentrations in rainwater from samples collected in Massachusetts, USA, and that this likely originated from the Fukushima power plant.[13]

POTASSIUM IODIDE KI TABLETS

Treatment and prevention of thyroid cancer 

See also: Potassium iodide

A common treatment method for preventing iodine-131 exposure is by saturating the thyroid with regular, non-radioactive iodine.... Free elemental iodine should not be used for saturating the thyroid because it is a corrosive oxidant and therefore is toxic to ingest in the necessary quantities. The thyroid will absorb very little of the radioactive iodine-131 after it is saturated with non-radioactive iodide, thereby avoiding the damage caused by radiation from radioiodine. (See a doctor before taking Iodine)

KI DOSAGES FOR ADULTS


The most common method of treatment is to give potassium iodide to those at risk. The dosage for adults is 130 mg potassium iodide per day, given in one dose, or divided into portions of 65 mg twice a day. This is equivalent to 100 mg of iodide, and is about 700 times bigger than the nutritional dose of iodide, which is 0.15 mg per day (150 micrograms per day). See potassium iodide for more information on prevention of radioiodine absorption by the thyroid during nuclear accident, or for nuclear medical reasons.

The ingestion of prophylaxis iodide; iodate is not without its dangers, There is reason for caution about taking potassium iodide or iodine supplements, as their unnecessary use can cause conditions such as the Jod-Basedow phenomena, and the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, trigger and/or worsen hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism respectively, and ultimately cause temporary or even permanent thyroid conditions. It can also cause sialadenitis (an inflammation of the salivary gland), gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions and rashes. Potassium iodide is also not recommended for those who have had an allergic reaction to iodine, and people with dermatitis herpetiformis and hypocomplementemic vasculitis, conditions that are linked to a risk of iodine sensitivity.[15]

The administration of known goitrogen substances can also be used as a prophylaxis in reducing the bio-uptake of iodine, (whether it be the nutritional non-radioactive iodine-127 or radioactive Iodine, radioiodine - most commonly iodine-131, as the body cannot discern between different iodine isotopes).

Merck Manuals explains what can happen to anyone taking excessive amounts of KI..."Chronic toxicity may develop when intake is > 1.1 mg/day.".... read more about this at;

PERCHLORATE INHIBITS RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE


Perchlorate ions, a common water contaminant in the USA due to the aerospace industry, has been shown to reduce iodine uptake and thus is classifed as a goitrogen. Perchlorate ions are a competitive inhibitor of the process by which iodide, is actively deposited into thyroid follicular cells. 

Studies involving healthy adult volunteers determined that at levels above 0.007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/(kg·d)), perchlorate begins to temporarily inhibit the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb iodine from the bloodstream ("iodide uptake inhibition", thus perchlorate is a known goitrogen).[16]

The reduction of the iodide pool by perchlorate has dual effects--reduction of excess hormone synthesis and hyperthyroidism, on the one hand, and reduction of thyroid inhibitor synthesis and hypothyroidism on the other. Perchlorate remains very useful as a single dose application in tests measuring the discharge of radioiodide accumulated in the thyroid as a result of many different disruptions in the further metabolism of iodide in the thyroid gland.[17]

Treatment of thyrotoxicosis (including Graves' disease) with 600-2,000 mg potassium perchlorate (430-1,400 mg perchlorate) daily for periods of several months or longer was once common practice, particularly in Europe,[16][18] and perchlorate use at lower doses to treat thryoid problems continues to this day.[19]Although 400 mg of potassium perchlorate divided into four or five daily doses was used initially and found effective, higher doses were introduced when 400 mg/day was discovered not to control thyrotoxicosis in all subjects.[16][17]

Current regimens for treatment of thyrotoxicosis (including Graves' disease), when a patient is exposed to additional sources of Iodine, commonly include 500 mg potassium perchlorate twice per day for 18-40 days.[16][20]

Prophylaxis with perchlorate containing water at concentrations of 17 ppm, which corresponds to 0.5 mg/kg-day personal intake, if one is 70 kg and consumes two litres of water per day, was found to reduce baseline radioiodine uptake by 67%[16] This is equivalent to ingesting a total of just 35 mg of perchlorate ions per day. In another related study were subjects drank just 1 litre of perchlorate containing water per day at a concentration of 10 ppm, i.e daily 10 mg of perchlorate ions were ingested, an average 38% reduction in the uptake of Iodine was observed.[21]

However when the average perchlorate absorption in perchlorate plant workers subjected to the highest exposure has been estimated as approximately 0.5 mg/kg-day, as in the above paragraph, a 67% reduction of iodine uptake would be expected. Studies of chronically exposed workers though have thus far failed to detect any abnormalities of thyroid function, including the uptake of iodine.[22] this may well be attributable to sufficient daily exposure or intake of healthy iodine-127 among the workers and the short 8 hr biological half life of perchlorate in the body.[16]

To completely block the uptake of iodine-131 by the purposeful addition of perchlorate ions to a populaces water supply, aiming at dosages of 0.5 mg/kg-day, or a water concentration of 17 ppm, would therefore be grossly inadequate at truly reducing radioiodine uptake. Perchlorate ion concentrations in a regions water supply, would need to be much higher, approaching 500 mg/kg or 500 ppm, to be truly beneficial to the population at preventing bioaccumulation when exposed to a radioiodine environment,[16][20] independent of the availability of iodate or iodide drugs.

The continual addition of Perchlorate to the water supply would need to continue for no less than 80-90 days, beginning immediately after the initial release of radioiodine was detected, after 80-90 days had passed released radioactive iodine-131 would have decayed to less than 0.1% of its initial quantity and thus the danger from biouptake of iodine-131 is essentially over[23].

KI TABLETS FIRST AND BEST CHOICE AFTER A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR BOMB ATTACK


In the event of a radioiodine release the ingestion of prophylaxis potassium iodide or iodate, if available, would rightly take precedence over perchlorate administration and would be the first line of defense in protecting the population from a radioiodine release. However in the event of a radioiodine release too massive and widespread to be controlled by the limited stock of iodide & iodate prophylaxis drugs, then the addition of perchlorate ions to the water supply, or distribution of perchlorate tablets would serve as a cheap, efficacious, second line of defense against carcinogenic radioiodine bioaccumulation. (However, no government warned it's citizens or handed out any KI tablets after the Fukushima mega disaster, despite knowing high amounts of radioactive Iodine in the gas plume were exposing people all over the planet to thyroid cancer causing doses)

The ingestion of goitrogen drugs is, much like potassium iodide is also not without its dangers, such as hypothyroidism. In all these cases however, despite the risks, the prophylaxis benefits of intervention with iodide, iodate or perchlorate outweigh the serious cancer risk from radioiodine bioaccumulation in regions were radioiodine has sufficiently contaminatated the environment.


WHERE RADIOACTIVE IODINE GOES IN BODY


A pheochromocytoma tumor is seen as a dark sphere in the center of the body (it is in the left adrenal gland). The image is by MIBG scintigraphy, showing the tumor by radiation from radioiodine in the MIBG. Two images are seen of the same patient from front and back. The image of the thyroid in the neck is due to unwanted uptake of radioiodine (as iodide) by the thyroid, after breakdown of the radioactive iodine-containing medication. Accumulation at the sides of the head is from salivary gland uptake of radioiodide. Radioactivity is also seen from uptake by the liver, and excretion by the kidneys with accumulation in the bladder. (This image also shows what happens to radioactive Iodine after it is absorbed by the body during a radioactive plume coming over from something like Fukushima. 

Because of the carcinogenicity of its beta radiation in the thyroid in small doses, I-131 is rarely used primarily or solely for diagnosis (although in the past this was more common due to this isotope's relative ease of production and low expense). Instead the more purely gamma-emitting radioiodine Iodine-123 is used in diagnostic testing (nuclear medicine scan of the thyroid).

The longer half-lived iodine-125 is also occasionally used when a longer half-life radioiodine is needed for diagnosis, and, in brachytherapy treatment (isotope confined in small seed-like metal capsules), where the low-energy gamma radiation without a beta component, makes iodine-125 useful. 


The use of 131I as a medical isotope has been blamed for a routine shipment of biosolids being rejected from crossing the Canada—U.S. border.[24] Such material can enter the sewers directly from the medical facilities, or by being excreted by patients after a treatment.

Post-treatment isolation


Patients receiving I-131 radioiodine treatment are warned not to have sexual intercourse for one month (or shorter, depending on dose given), and women are told not to become pregnant for six months afterwards. "This is because a theoretical risk to a developing fetus exists...


Such a precaution would essentially eliminate direct fetal exposure to radioactivity and markedly reduce the possibility of conception with sperm that might theoretically have been damaged by exposure to radioiodine."[25] These guidelines vary from hospital to hospital and will depend also on the dose of radiation given. Some also advise not to hug or hold children when the radiation is still high, and a one or two metre distance to others may be recommended.[26]


For this reason, it is be advised to regularly clean toilets, sinks, bed sheets and clothing used by the person who received the treatment. Patients may also be advised to wear slippers or socks at all times, and themselves physically isolated from others. This minimizes accidental exposure by family members, especially children.[27]



Use of a decontaminant specially made for radioactive iodine removal may be advised. The use of chlorine bleach solutions, or cleaners that contain chlorine bleach for cleanup, are not advised, since radioactive elemental iodine gas may be released.[28] Airborne I-131 may cause a greater risk of second-hand exposure, spreading contamination over a wide area.



Many airports now have radiation detectors to detect the smuggling of radioactive materials that may be used in nuclear weapons manufacture. Patients should be warned that if they travel by air, they may trigger radiation detectors at airports up to 95 days after their treatment with 131I.[29]

Industrial radioactive tracer uses


Used for the first time in 1951 to localize leaks in a drinking water supply system of Munich, Germany, Iodine-131 became one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting industrial radioactive tracer with applications in isotope hydrology and leak detection. [30][31][32][33]

Since late 1940s, radioactive tracers have been used by the oil industry. Tagged at the surface, water is then tracked downhole, using the appropriated gamma detector, to determine flows and detect underground leaks. I-131 has been the most widely used tagging isotope in an aqueous solution of sodium iodine.[34][2][35] It is used to characterize the hydraulic fracturing fluid to help determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing.[36][37][38]"
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_iodine

GENETIC CHANGES TRACED BACK TO CHERNOBYL IN PEOPLE WHO ENDED UP WITH THYROID CANCER


PraisingTruth June 30, 2015 “…The investigators analyzed the genomic changes in DNA that was taken from the tumors of 26 children and young adults who had thyroid cancer. “Because we know the exact age of all the children at the time of exposure and because they have been studied very closely afterward, we consider this to be a well-curated population of patients,” Dr. Fagin explains.
“The investigators found that the tumors contained so-called fusion oncogenes that result when DNA breaks apart, swaps places, and fuses back together. Ionizing radiation is known to cause DNA breaks, which is the mechanism by which radiation induces cancer.

“’We found that all of these fusion oncogenes fell into particular functional classes,’ he says. ‘They tend to be activated receptors or activated signaling proteins of pathways that are known to induce cancer. To a large extent, the oncogenes implicated were ones that were already known to play a role in thyroid cancer.

“’What’s really remarkable is that in every single one of these cases, we were able to find the driver mutation — the actual genetic change that caused the cancer,’ he says. ‘That’s not very common in most cancer studies, even when you sequence the entire genome of the tumors….’…”

Is it any wonder that the number of health problems around thyroid glands and the rate of thyroid cancers has been skyrocketing over the years?


WHAT MAKES AN AREA UNINHABITABLE IN THE LONGER TERM? BOTTOM LINE, A MAN MADE ARTIFICIAL HEAVY METAL POISON RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT THAT MEASURE OUT AT OVER 2.4 m/Sv PER YEAR MAKES AN AREA AN EVACUATION ZONE

"It shows convincingly that the induction of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer is a major cause of late morbidity. Although it gives us some idea of” the risk coefficient for internal radiation, the magnitude is uncertain owing to the lack of precise data about radionuclide intake, and because of the small population involved. Furthermore, the existence of mild hypothyroidism in a significant number of people might have enhanced the radiation effect through increased TSH secretion, a well-recognized cofactor in thyroid radiation effects."

NoahSeptember 11, 2011What levels made Bikini Atoll uninhabitable?

“The dose received from background radiation on the island was found to be between 2.4 mSv/year and 4.5 mSv/year (the lower rate is the same as natural background radiation) assuming that a diet of imported foods was available.[18] But it was because of these food risks that the group eventually did not recommend fully resettling the island.” – Wikipedia

The problem at Bikini Atoll was the radioactive particles that caused the high readings were in the food and water, it’s was then getting into the people internally and causing internal damage and devastating reproductive harm.

Tokyo is obviously at the same level of contamination as Bikini Atoll.

The difference was, Bikini Atoll was completely evacuated and to this day is deserted, except for idiot dive tour boats exploring the sunken radioactive ships in the lagoon."

Radiation Effects In The Marshall Islands
During the second and third decades after the accident, most of the Rongelap children and many adults developed thyroid nodules, some of which proved to be malignant. In addition, thyroid atrophy accounted for severe growth retardation in 2 boys. The Utirik people (167 exposed) did not show early radiation effects, but thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer began to appear late in the second decade after exposure. 
http://www.yokwe.net/ydownloads/RadiationEffectsintheMarshallIslands.pdf

This is the same thing that Japan and the US WILL be experiencing in the future, and nothing can prevent it. The fact that in Japan, they are already getting kids with thyroid nodules just a few years after the mega nuclear disaster only predicts that even worse things will happen in the future, compared to the Marshall Islanders. 

Japan has adopted a new normal and legal amount of 20 m/Sv per year for civilians, which is the maximum amount a nuclear worker can be exposed to per year in the US. Is this crazy insane or what? The maximum radiation allowed for civilians in the US is 1 m/Sv per year. To find out more about the insanity around heavy metal poison radiation that is going on in Japan, read the following.....

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USA Radioactive Iodine 131, 129 Found In 13 Cities - Up To 80 Times Allowed Levels - US Milk Is Radiation Contaminated - FAQ's, Facts, Potassium Iodide KI Tablets Information, Medical Use - Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Released Huge Amounts Of Iodine-129, Remains In Environment For Millions/Years

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